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What are Sirtuins?

Sirtuins are a family of proteins that play a vital role in maintaining cellular health by regulating essential processes such as metabolism, aging, DNA repair, and stress resistance. In humans, there are seven types of sirtuins, labeled SIRT1 through SIRT7, each with specific roles that contribute to overall cellular well-being.

To function effectively, sirtuins rely on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a crucial molecule that acts as their fuel. By maintaining a proper balance of NAD+, sirtuins support efficient energy metabolism and DNA repair, which are critical for sustaining health and preventing premature aging.

Key Types of Sirtuins and Their Functions

SIRT1

SIRT1 supports mitochondrial biogenesis, regulates energy metabolism, and offers neuroprotection against diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It aids in liver function, body homeostasis, and stem cell differentiation. SIRT1 is also crucial for regulating autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, especially in hypoxic conditions. (11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26, 27)

SIRT2

SIRT2 lowers mitochondrial activity and fatty acid metabolism, which supports metabolic health and reduces obesity risk. It also plays a role in modulating peripheral myelination through polarity protein signaling. (18, 28, 29)

SIRT3

SIRT3 reduces oxidative stress and is linked to improved mitochondrial function and a lower risk of fatty liver disease. (19, 20)

SIRT4

SIRT4 offers tumor-suppressive benefits and modulates metabolic responses to DNA damage. It inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase and counteracts the effects of calorie restriction in pancreatic β cells. (21, 22)

SIRT5

SIRT5 aids in mitochondrial metabolism and ammonia detoxification, supporting cellular health. (22)

SIRT6

SIRT6 supports genome stability and DNA repair, playing a crucial role in metabolic health and preventing age-related diseases. (23)

SIRT7

SIRT7 is important for rDNA transcription and DNA repair mechanisms, contributing to overall cellular integrity. (22)

Challenges of Sirtuin Decline with Age

As we age, the natural production of sirtuins begins to decline, typically around the age of 30-35. This reduction in sirtuin levels can lead to a slower metabolism and a diminished ability to manage weight and overall health, making it more challenging for the body to repair itself and maintain its youthful vigor. To counteract this decline, it is essential to proactively support sirtuin activity through a combination of diet, supplementation and lifestyle strategies.

Benefits of Sirtuin Activation

Research has shown that sirtuins help regulate inflammation, immune responses, DNA transcription, apoptosis, and the body's reaction to caloric restriction. Studies published in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology and the Journal of Neuroscience highlight these benefits, emphasizing sirtuins' role in managing insulin resistance and reducing disease risk. (1, 2)

Increase Energy

Sirtuins enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and function, boosting cellular energy production and reducing fatigue. This increase in physical and mental energy helps you stay active and focused (11, 19, 50).

Boost Metabolism

Sirtuins regulate key metabolic pathways, including those involved in energy expenditure and mitochondrial function. This regulation improves overall metabolic efficiency, increasing the body's ability to convert food into energy. Enhanced metabolic functions aid in better digestion and nutrient absorption (10, 12, 18, 30, 50, 52).

Improve Sleep Quality

Sirtuins influence circadian rhythms and stress responses, promoting more restful and restorative sleep by regulating sleep-related pathways. This ensures better sleep patterns, helping you wake up refreshed and ready to take on the day (44, 50).

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Slow Aging

Sirtuins like SIRT1 and SIRT6 are vital for DNA repair and maintaining genomic stability. SIRT1 deacetylates histones and non-histone proteins, enhancing DNA repair, while SIRT6 directly recognizes and binds to DNA double-strand breaks, facilitating repair and maintaining genomic stability. This promotes cellular regeneration and protects against oxidative stress, slowing the aging process (3, 4, 5, 6, 23, 50, 51).

Reduce Stress

Sirtuins regulate stress-response pathways and modulate the activity of stress-related proteins, reducing the physiological impact of stress and enhancing overall stress resilience. This helps maintain a balanced and calm demeanor (45, 54).

Reduce Inflammation

Sirtuins have anti-inflammatory properties and help regulate the production of inflammatory mediators, protecting against chronic inflammatory conditions. This reduces discomfort and aches associated with chronic inflammation (7, 8, 9, 42, 54).

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Strengthen Immunity

Sirtuins modulate immune responses by enhancing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and supporting the body's natural immune response. This helps in fighting infections and reducing chronic inflammation, reinforcing immune defenses and helping the body resist illnesses and recover faster (1, 13, 24, 25, 53).

Support Heart Health

Sirtuins improve endothelial function, reduce oxidative stress, and promote healthy blood vessel function, supporting overall cardiovascular health. This helps maintain cardiovascular function and health, reducing the risk of heart disease (4, 26, 27, 42, 50, 51).

Supports Brain Health

Sirtuins play a role in neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain, promoting neuronal survival and function. This protects neurons and enhances cognitive function, reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases and enhancing mental clarity (13, 15, 19, 20, 36, 50).